Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bruxism in a Selected Population of Iranian Children

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence of bruxism in Iranian children aged 6 to 12 years. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: the first section included demographic information, while the second evaluated the occurrence of bruxism. Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square, Fisher and Multinomial logistic regression were used. A level of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 698 questionnaires were distributed, of which 600 participants were returned. According to Multinomial logistic regression, awake bruxism was associated significantly with the following variables: age, sequence of birth, recurrent headache, gastrointestinal disease, nasal obstruction, neurological disorder, easy child crying, sleep disorders, talking in a dream and snoring and jaw disorder. Sleep bruxism was associated significantly with age, premature birth, allergy, gastrointestinal disease, drooling, mouth breathing, nasal obstruction, oral habit, nail biting, sleep disorder, jaw disorders, and family history. Conclusion: Pre-birth and post-birth factors play an important role in the prevalence of bruxism in society. It is possible to prevent complications of bruxism by informing parents and making a timely diagnosis. Parents should be aware of this occurrence to reduce possible related factors to teeth and the masticatory system.

Brote de malaria en relación con un conglomerado de casos importados en una zona fronteriza, Perú

Introducción: La malaria es transmitida por la picadura de los mosquitos del género Anopheles. La región Tumbes ubicada en la frontera norte del Perú, pese a la presencia permanente del vector estuvo libre de malaria presentando solo casos importados esporádicos. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de serie de casos de un brote de malaria por P. vivax asociado a un conglomerado de casos importados en el contexto de masiva migración venezolana al Perú. Resultados: Se describen las actividades de control implementadas a través de metodología de cerco epidemiológico modificado para el control de la reintroducción de la enfermedad; se detectó la transmisión del brote relacionada con migrantes venezolanos en tránsito. Conclusiones: la reintroducción de la malaria en la región Tumbes se relaciona a casos importados por migración venezolana. Los cercos epidemiológicos modificados permitieron mejorar la captación de casos in situ.

Background: Malaria is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes which belong to the genus Anopheles. The Tumbes region, located in the northern border of Peru, despite the permanent presence of the vector, was free from malaria transmission, and there are only sporadic imported cases. Material and Methods: A case series study of an outbreak of malaria caused by P. vivax associated with a conglomerate of imported cases was carried out in the context of massive Venezuelan migration to Peru. Results: The control activities implemented through the modified epidemiological fence methodology to control the reintroduction of the disease are described; transmission of the outbreak related to Venezuelan migrants in transit was detected. Conclusions: the reintroduction of malaria in the Tumbes region was related to cases imported from Venezuela. The modified epidemiological fences made it possible to improve the collection of cases in situ.

Conjunto mínimo de datos: su utilidad en cirugía / Mínimum data set and it utility in surgery

Resumen Los sistemas de información sanitaria son fundamentales para el conocimiento y análisis del estado de salud individual y colectivo, así como para la evaluación de las funciones de los sistemas de salud; basados en el desarrollo de las historias clínicas, los expedientes clínicos permiten el acceso a dicha información. El Conjunto Mínimo de Datos (CMD), es un conjunto esencial de elementos potencialmente disponibles sobre entidades específicas, constituye un extracto de información administrativa, clínica y quirúrgica estandarizados, recogidos a partir del informe de alta o la historia clínica, siendo un paso preliminar en la gestión de información sobre enfermedades, que se traduce en la mejora de la calidad de la atención y el control de las enfermedades, así como en la posibilidad para emprender investigaciones. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de estudio referente al uso del CMD en cirugía, que consideró los mecanismos de aplicación, sus fortalezas y debilidades.

Health information systems are fundamental for the knowledge and analysis of the individual and collective health status, as well as for the evaluation of the functions of the health systems, based on the development of medical records, that allow access to information. The Minimum Data Set (CMD), is an essential set of elements potentially available on specific entities, constitutes an extract of standardized administrative, clinical, and surgical information, collected from the discharge report or the clinical history, being a preliminary step in disease information management that translates into improved quality of care and disease control, as well as the ability to undertake research. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a study document regarding the use of CMD in surgery, which considered the application mechanisms, as well as its strengths and weaknesses.

Aumento nas reclamações de idosos sobre a saúde suplementar no Brasil / Increase in the complaints of the elderly about supplemental health in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi descrever as reclamações de idosos brasileiros recebidas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, com dados secundários provenientes do Sistema Integrado de Fiscalização. Realizou-se análise de tendência das reclamações recebidas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar de beneficiários idosos de todo o Brasil, no período de 2008 a 2017. Analisaram-se 111.497 reclamações realizadas por idosos beneficiários da saúde suplementar. Identificou-se aumento das taxas de reclamações para todas as regiões do país, com destaque para a região Nordeste, que apresentou a maior taxa média de reclamações (27,07) e o maior aumento médio anual (7,79; r2=0,97), e a região Sul, com a menor taxa média para o período (7,11) e o menor aumento médio anual observado (1,84; r2=0,92). A maior taxa de reclamações foi relacionada à cobertura do plano, entre idosos de 70 a 79 anos e beneficiários de planos individuais ou familiares. A crescente insatisfação de idosos com o sistema de saúde suplementar refletiu no grande número de reclamações recebidas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar ao longo de nove anos.

Abstract The scope of this study was to describe the complaints of elderly Brazilians received by the National Supplemental Health Agency. It is an ecological study, with secondary data from the Integrated Inspection System. A trend analysis of the complaints received by the National Supplemental Health Agency of elderly beneficiaries from all over Brazil was conducted between 2008 and 2017. A total of 111,497 complaints were filed by elderly beneficiaries of the supplemental health system. The highest number of complaints (27.07) and the highest average annual increase (7.79, r2=0, 97), and the South region, with the lowest average rate for the period (7.11) and the lowest observed mean annual increase (1.84; r2=0.92) were identified. The highest rate of complaints was related to the coverage of the plan, between the elderly aged 70 to 79 and beneficiaries of individual or family plans. Growing dissatisfaction among older people with the supplemental health system reflected the large number of complaints received by the National Supplemental Health Agency over a period of nine years.

Detección de síncope vasovagal con adaptación de la Escala de Calgary en estudiantes universitarios colombianos / Using a Calgary Scale adaptation to detect vasovagal syncope in Colombian university students

Resumen Introducción: El síncope vasovagal tiene una incidencia entre 10% y 19% en la población general, el primer episodio suele aparecer en la juventud. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de síncope vasovagal en una población universitaria del sur de Colombia, utilizando una adaptación de la Escala de Calgary como cuestionario diagnóstico. Materiales y métodos: Después de la firma voluntaria del consentimiento informado, los estudiantes fueron entrevistados y se les aplicó la Escala de Calgary. Posteriormente, se realizó un cuestionario de seguimiento a los participantes positivos. Resultados: Participaron 280 estudiantes, el 17% obtuvo un puntaje positivo para síncope vasovagal. La edad media fue 21,45±5,18; con mayor positividad para el género femenino. En el seguimiento, el 10% de los positivos, consultó a urgencias por pérdida de conciencia, 4% fue ingresado a hospitalización y 10% presentó lesiones secundarias. Conclusiones: Un número representativo de participantes fue positivo en la Escala de Calgary, ninguno de ellos había recibido diagnóstico de síncope neuralmente mediado, pese a haber consultado a urgencias y/o presentar lesiones secundarias por pérdida de conciencia. Incluir la Escala de Calgary en la evaluación inicial del paciente consultante por pérdida de conciencia, podría ayudar al diagnóstico temprano de síncope vasovagal.

Abstract Introduction: Vasovagal syncope has an incidence between 10% and 19% in the general population, whose first episodes appear in youth. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vasovagal syncope in a university student population from the southern Colombia, using a diagnostic questionnaire adapted from the Calgary Scale. Materials and methods: After voluntary signing of the informed consent form, students were surveyed through the Calgary Scale, and a subsequent follow-up questionnaire was conducted on positive participants. Results: 280 students participated in the study and 17% of them obtained a positive score for vasovagal syncope, being positive female participants the largest group. The mean age of participants was 21.45±5.18 years. At the follow-up, 10% of the positive cases had sought out treatment in emergency rooms because of consciousness loss, 4% were hospitalized, and 10% had secondary injuries. Conclusions: Even though an important number of patients was positive on the Calgary Scale, none of them had been diagnosed with neutrally mediated syncope, despite being treated in emergency rooms and/or presenting secondary lesions due to consciousness loss. The use of the Calgary Scale during the assessment of patients being treated for consciousness loss could help to early diagnose vasovagal syncope.

Accuracy Assessment of Virtual Surgical Planning Comparing 3D Virtual Surgical Planning and Post-Operative CBCTs in Surgical Skeletal Class III Cases: A Retrospective Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) comparing VSPs and post-operative CBCT scans in patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery of severe Skeletal Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: Twenty-three patients (9 males and 14 females, mean age 24.1 ± 7.0 years) were selected and submitted to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Pre-operative VSPs and post-operative CBCTs were compared using both linear (taking into account four skeletal and six dental landmarks, each one described by the respective coordinates) and angular measures (seven planes in total). The threshold discrepancies for post-operative clinical acceptable results were set at ≤2 mm for liner and ≤4° for angular discrepancies. The mean difference values and its 95% confidence interval were identified, comparing which planned and which obtained in absolute value. Results: There were significant statistical differences for all absolute linear measures investigated, although only two overcome the linear threshold value of 2mm in both X and Y-linear dimensions. Linear deviations in Z-linear dimension do not reach statistical significance. All 12 angular measures reach the statistical significance, although none overcome the threshold angular value of 4°. Angular deviation for roll register the higher accuracy in contrast to pitch and yaw. Conclusion: Virtual surgical planning is a reliable planning method to be used in orthognathic surgery field; as a matter of fact, although some discrepancies between the planned on the obtained are evident, most of them meet the tolerability range.

A 5-year epidemiological follow-up study on hyperparathyroxinemia in Urumqi community residents / 中国医师杂志

Objective:Based on the previous epidemiological investigation of hyperparathyroxinemia in Urumqi community, a follow-up study was conducted to understand the changes of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and clinical characteristics of residents with PTH.Methods:In the previous study (2013), an epidemiological cross-sectional study of hyperparathyroxinemia was conducted on 1 473 residents of the resident community, and 180 people with hyperparathyroxinemia were found. The serum PTH, parathyroid related laboratory indexes and vitamin D were observed in high PTH population of different genders.Results:According to the inclusion criteria, 159 patients with high PTH were included in the study. The total follow-up rate was 88.3% (159/180), including 24 males (15.09%) and 135 females (84.91%). The serum PTH level in the follow-up population was 68.60 (47.85-98.80)pg/ml, which was significantly different from that in the first visit ( P<0.01). There was no significant difference in serum PTH levels between men and women ( P>0.05). The levels of serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, albumin and alkaline phosphatase in the follow-up population had no significant changes compared with the first visit population (all P>0.05); After stratified by sex, the serum creatinine level of men with high PTH was significantly higher than that of women ( P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in other PTH related laboratory indexes ( P>0.05); Although the vitamin D level was still deficient (<20 ng/ml), the proportion of people with sufficient vitamin D was significantly higher than that at the first visit. Conclusions:25(OH) D deficiency was still common in the follow-up population, but the vitamin D level of the residents with PTH was significantly improved and the serum PTH level was significantly lower than that in the first visit.

Prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal autopercibida en escolares de 12 años de edad / Prevalence of selected periodontal disease in schools 12 years old

Resumen Introducción: La auto percepción periodontal tiene como objetivo permitir al paciente auto valorar su estado de salud bucal, así como tomar conciencia del riesgo que provoca padecer esta patología, motivando a mejorar el estilo de vida, disminuyendo los riesgos mediante la planificación de propuestas de intervención preventiva. Objetivo: Calcular la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal auto percibida en escolares de 12 años de edad, en la parroquia Monay del cantón Cuenca 2016. Materiales y Métodos: La metodología aplicada fue de tipo cualitativa, de diseño descriptivo, técnica observacional transversal retrospectivo. La muestra constituida por 252 fichas epidemiológicas de escolares de 12 años. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, a través del programa EpiInfo, las cuales fueron analizadas por operadores quienes recibieron una previa calibración. Resultados: Los resultados de la prevalencia de auto percepción obtenidos en la parroquia de estudio, indicaron que el 63% perciben la enfermedad periodontal y el 37% no la perciben, de acuerdo al sexo se obtuvo una mayor prevalencia de auto percepción en las mujeres con 73% y en hombres un 52%; según el tipo de sostenimiento educacional no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los porcentajes de escolares que acudieron a escuelas privadas o públicas, se obtuvo un 56% de auto percepción periodontal en escuelas privadas y el 54% de autopercepción periodontal en escuelas públicas. Conclusiones: Se reporta un resultado del 63%, constituyendo una alta prevalencia de escolares que si autoperciben la enfermedad periodontal.

Abstract Introduction: Periodontal self perception allows the patient to assess his own oral health, as well as he becomes aware of the risks that it may trigger, motivating him to improve his life style, diminishing those risks with the planning of a preventive intervention. Objective: To calculate the prevalence of self-perceived periodontal disease in 12-year-old schoolchildren in the Monay parish of the 2016 Cuenca canton. Materials and Methods: The methodology applied was of qualitative type, descriptive design, retrospective cross-sectional observational technique. The sample consists of 252 epidemiological records of 12-year-old schoolchildren. The data were obtained from the database of the Catholic University of Cuenca, through the Epi Info program, which were analyzed by operators who received a previous calibration. Results: The results of the prevalence of automatic perception in the study parish, indicate that 63% perceive periodontal disease and 37% do not perceive it, according to sex, a higher prevalence of perception was obtained in women with 73% and in men 52%; According to the type of educational support, no significant differences were obtained between the percentages of schools that went to private or public schools, 56% of periodontal self-perception in private schools and 54% of periodontal self-perception in public schools were obtained. Conclusions: A result of 63% is reported, constituting a high prevalence of schoolchildren who perceive periodontal disease.

Índice de higiene oral simplificado en escolares de 6 años de edad, Ecuador, 2016 / Simplified oral hygiene index in schoolchildren of 6 years of age, Ecuador, 2016

Resumen Introducción: La salud bucal tiene una relación dinámica con la salud general y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo del estudio realizado fue determinar el índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en niños de 6 años de edad de la parroquia Chiquintad del cantón Cuenca, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se manejó una muestra de 51 escolares de ambos sexos, se utilizó el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado de Greene y Vermillion aplicado en dentición decidua que consta de un índice de placa blanda y el índice de placa calcificada. Conclusiones: La media de IHO-S en la parroquia Chiquintad fue 0,458 sin presentar una diferencia significativa entre los sexos. El nivel de higiene oral fue bueno en ambos sexos (90%), no se presentó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos (valor p 0,389).

Abstract Introduction: Oral health has a dynamic relationship with the general health and quality of life of patients. Objective: of the study was to determine the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in 6-year-old children of the Chiquintad of the Cantón Cuenca, in the year 2016. Methods: A sample of 51 schoolchildren of both sexes was used, the Hygiene Index was used Simplified oral of Greene and Vermillion applied in deciduous dentition consisting of a soft plaque index and calcified plaque index. Conclusions: The mean of IHO-S in the Chiquintad parish was 0.458 without presenting a significant difference between the sexes. The level of oral hygiene was good in both sexes (90%), there was no statistically significant difference between the two (p value 0.389).

Clinical Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries among Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the dental caries experience and clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (UDC) among primary school children of Al Jouf region, Saudi Arabia and to determine the correlation between dental caries experience and clinical consequences of UDC. Material and Methods: A 250 primary school children 6-7 years were recruited using systematic random sampling. The prevalence of dental caries in deciduous dentition was assessed by following WHO criteria using the dmft index and the clinical consequence of UDC was assessed with the pufa index. The pufa score was calculated cumulatively following the pufa diagnostic criteria. The Student's t-test was used to equate the mean dmft and pufa scores between boys and girls. The correlation between the dmft and the pufa scores was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), and the p-value was set at 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: Out of which 154 (61.60%) boys and 94 (37.60%) were girls. The mean (SD) values of dmft for boys reported to be 5.37 (± 3.31) and for girls 6.35 (± 3.27), which was statistically significant with gender (p<0.001). Statistically, significant mean values of pufa were 1.20 (± 1.37) in boys and 1.71 (± 1.58) in girls, respectively was observed (p<0.001). The Pearson correlation between dmft and pufa values showed a highly significant positive correlation among dmft and pufa values (r= 0.635, p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study revealed that high caries prevalence and experience of the clinical consequences of UDC in the primary dentition, and there was a strong positive correlation between dmft and pufa score values.

Trends analysis of blood pressure among Ningxia Han ethnic students aged 7-18 years from 2000 to 2014 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand secular trend of blood pressure among Han ethnic students aged 7-18 years in Ningxia from 2000 to 2014，and to provide preliminary evidence for hypertension prevention and control.@*Methods@#Data of blood pressure, height, weight of Han students aged 7-18 years in Ningxia were collected in the National Students Physical Fitness and Health Survey during 2000-2014 years were analyzed by using SPSS 21.0.@*Results@#From 2000 to 2014, the systolic pressure of the Han students in Ningxia showed a decreasing-increasing trend(F=357.44, P<0.05), with an average decrease of 3.37 mm Hg; diastolic pressure showed a decreasing-increasing trend(F=172.95, P<0.05), with an average decrease of 4.18 mm Hg; pulse pressure showed a decreasing-increasing trend(F=311.86, P<0.05), with an average decrease of 1.98 mm Hg. The body mass index of the Han nationality students in Ningxia was on the rise(F=128.15, P<0.05). The detection rates of high blood pressure, high systolic blood pressure and high diastolic blood pressure increased by 1.0, 0.4 and 0.9 percentage.@*Conclusion@#Blood pressure in Ningxia Han students aged 7-18 years increases gradually in recent years, which warrants further attention. Health education and health promotion is needed to prevent the occurrence of hypertension.

Expert consensus on epidemiology investigation and scene disposal of tuberculosis in schools / 中华预防医学杂志

School students in crowed environment are susceptible to tuberculosis(TB), often resulting outbreaks and public health emergencies. We give further advices on the investigation of index cases and their close contacts, diagnosis and treatment of active TB patients and latent TB infection and their standardized management, aiming at facilitating TB epidemiology investigation, scene disposal and related effect evaluation.

Expert consensus on epidemiology investigation and scene disposal of tuberculosis in schools / 中华预防医学杂志

School students in crowed environment are susceptible to tuberculosis(TB), often resulting outbreaks and public health emergencies. We give further advices on the investigation of index cases and their close contacts, diagnosis and treatment of active TB patients and latent TB infection and their standardized management, aiming at facilitating TB epidemiology investigation, scene disposal and related effect evaluation.

Prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos: aportaciones de los paradigmas científicos a su conocimiento / Inadequate drugs prescription: contributions of scientific paradigms to your knowledge

Resumen Se realizó una revisión narrativa con análisis temático sobre las aportaciones de los paradigmas científicos al conocimiento de la prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos. Se buscaron artículos de acceso abierto indexados en PubMed© entre 2010-2014, y se sistematizó información sobre el paradigma, tipo de publicación, perspectiva teórica, objetivo, método y resultados. De los 992 artículos encontrados, se seleccionaron 118, y se tomó una muestra propositiva de 15, según su diseño, representando los cuatro paradigmas. Los artículos positivistas reportaron prevalencia, factores asociados, efectividad de intervenciones y criterios de evaluación; los interpretativos explicaron las causas del problema según los involucrados; los críticos denunciaron la influencia de la industria farmacéutica; y el participativo abordó el problema secundariamente y lo solucionó en un escenario para una enfermedad y grupo farmacológico específicos. Se concluyó que la prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos como problema de investigación en salud pública recibe aportes de los cuatro paradigmas, con dominio del positivismo, lo que se atribuye al carácter paradigmático de la ciencia desde la que se le aborda habitualmente, y que una perspectiva multi-paradigmática es el mejor abordaje.

Abstract This study conducted a narrative review with thematic analysis about contributions of scientific paradigms to knowledge of inadequate drugs prescription. We searched open access articles indexed in PubMed© between 2010 and 2014, and we systematized information about scientific paradigm, publication type, theoretical perspective, objective, method and results. From the 992 articles found, 118 were selected. From those, we chose a purposive sample of 15, according to the design of the studies, representing the four paradigms. The positivists articles reported prevalence, associated factors, effectiveness of interventions and evaluation criteria; the interpretive explained the causes of the problem according to those involved; the critics denounced the influence of pharmaceutical industry; and the participative addressed the problem secondarily and solved it in a scenario for a specific disease and pharmacological. We concluded that the inadequate drugs prescription as research problem in public health had contributions from the four paradigms, with dominance of positivism, which is attributed to the paradigmatic perspective of the science, from which it is usually studied, and that a multi-paradigmatic perspective is the best approach to the public health issue.

Aplicación de grafos acíclicos dirigidos en la evaluación de un set mínimo de ajuste de confusores: un complemento al modelamiento estadístico en estudios epidemiológicos observacionales / Directed acyclic graphs in statistical modelling of epidemiological studies

Background: Confusion in observational epidemiological studies distorts the relationship between exposure and event. "Step by step" regression models, diverts the decision to a statistical algorithm with little causal basis. Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs), qualitatively and visually assess the confusion. They can complement the decision on confounder control during statistical modeling. Aim: To evaluate the minimum set of confounders to be controlled in a cause-effect relationship with the use of "step-by-step regression" and DAGs, in a study of arsenic exposure. Material and Methods: We worked with data from Cáceres et al., 2010 in 66 individuals from northern Chile. The interindividual variability in the urinary excretion of dimethyl arsenic acid attributable to the GSTT1 polymorphism was estimated. A causal DAG was constructed using DAGitty v2.3 with the list of variables. A multiple linear regression model with the step-by-step backwards methodology was carried out. Results: The causal diagram included 12 non-causal open pathways. The minimum adjustment set corresponded to the variables "sex", "body mass index" and "fish and seafood ingest". Confusion retention of the multivariate model included normal and overweight status, gender and the interaction between "water intake" and GSTT1. Conclusions: The use of DAG prior to the modeling would allow a more comprehensive, coherent and biologically plausible analysis of causal relationships in public health.

Epidemiología digital como herramienta para la evaluación de enfermedades del oído y la vía aérea en Colombia, durante los años 2012-2014: Un estudio ecológico / Digital epidemiology as a tool for the evaluation of ear and airway diseases in Colombia, during the years 2012-2014: An ecological study

Introducción: Las tecnologías de información y la facilidad de acceso a grandes volúmenes de datos "big data" están revolucionando la epidemiología. Objetivo: Analizar datos del sistema integral de Información "SISPRO" del Ministerio de Salud para obtener los motivos más frecuentes de consulta en otorrinolaringología en consulta externa y urgencias. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo ecológico. Metodología: En SISPRO se usaron los códigos CIE-10 para analizar los datos de atención en salud para patologías de oído (H60-H959) y vía aérea superior (J00-J399). Resultados: Los principales motivos de consulta incluyen: infecciones de la vía aérea superior (rinofaringitis, faringitis, amigdalitis, otitis media aguda e infecciones no especificadas) con 14.935.729 atenciones, 7.877.189 personas atendidas y un promedio de 1,9 consultas por persona; Rinitis (1.760.055 atenciones, 899.349 personas y 1,96 consultas/persona); Vértigo (1.632.012 atenciones, 686.470 personas y 2,38 consultas/persona); Cerumen impactado (554.744 atenciones, 296.324 personas y 18,76 consultas/persona); Hipoacusia (853.047 atenciones, 366.037 personas y 2,33 consultas/persona). La relación entre el número de atenciones en consulta externa vs urgencias es de 281,66 (hipoacusia), 126,23 (Rinitis), 37,2 (Cerumen impactado), 10,73 (vértigo) y 6,9 (infecciones). Conclusión: La epidemiología digital es una herramienta útil en la práctica de ORL. Las enfermedades infecciosas son la principal causa de atención en ORL.

Introduction: Information technologies and the ease of access to large volumes of data "big data" are revolutionizing epidemiology. Objective: Analyze data from the Comprehensive Information System "SISPRO" of the Ministry of Health, to obtain the most frequent reasons for consultation in otorhinolaryngology in outpatient and emergency departments. Design: ecological descriptive study. Methods: In SISPRO, ICD-10 codes were used to analyze health care data for ear (H60-H959) and upper airway (J00-J399) pathologies. Results: The main reasons for consultation included: upper airway infections (rhinopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute otitis media and unspecified infections) with 14,935,729 attentions, 7,877,189 people attended and an average of 1.9 consultations per person; Rhinitis (1,760,055 attentions, 899,349 people and 1.96 consultations / person); Vertigo (1,632,012 attentions, 686,470 people and 2,38 consultations / person; Cerumen impacted (554,744 attentions, 296,324 people and 18,76 consultations / person); Hearing loss (853,047 attentions, 366,037 people and 2,33 consultations / person). The ratio between the number of visits in the outpatient clinic vs. emergencies is 281.66 (hearing loss), 126.23 (rhinitis), 37.2 (impacted earwax), 10.73 (vertigo) and 6.9 (infections). Conclusion: Digital epidemiology is an useful tool in ENT. Infectious diseases are the main cause of consultation in ENT.

Analysis of incidence characteristics of gastric cancer in Shanghai from 2003 to 2012 / 肿瘤

Objective: To analyze the incidence characteristics of gastric cancer in Shanghai from 2003 to 2012, and to compare them with the international data. Methods: The data of gastric cancer cases diagnosed between 2003 and 2012 were collected from Shanghai Cancer Registry. The international data of cancer incidence were sourced from GLOBOCAN 2012 database of WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) 18 database of National Cancer Institute (NCI). The incidence indicators of gastric cancer in Shanghai were calculated, including the average annual incidence, average age, constituent ratio, crude incidence, age-specific incidence and age-standardized incidence. Pearson χ2 test was applied to compare the proportions of cases with detailed pathology, histological type and diagnostic stage. Cochran χ2 test was used to compare the age-standardized incidence among the different diagnosis time or areas. Results: From 2003 to 2012, 57 812 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed in Shanghai, with an average of 5 781 cases per year, accounting for 10.89% among total new cancer cases; the incidence of gastric cancer ranked third in all cancers in Shanghai, with a crude incidence rate of 41.88 per 100 000 and an age-standardized incidence rate of 19.92 per 100 000. From 2008 to 2012, 29 373 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed in Shanghai, with an average of 5 875 cases per year, accounting for 10.19% among total new cancer cases; the median age was 69 years old and the mean age was 67.70 years old, the age-standardized incidence rate was 18.64 per 100 000. From 2003 to 2007, 28 439 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed in Shanghai, with an average of 5 688 cases per year, accounting for 11.74% among total new cancer cases; the median age was 70 years old and the mean age was 66.93 years old, the age-standardized incidence rate was 21.40 per 100 0000. The age-standardized incidence from 2008 to 2012 was significantly lower than that from 2003 to 2007 (P < 0.001). The standardized incidence of gastric cancer in Shanghai from 2008 to 2012 was higher than the average levels in the world (12.1 per 100 000) and the developed counties (10.6 per 100 000), and lower than the average levels in Eastern Asia (24.2 per 100 000) and China (22.7 per 100 000). The age-specific incidence rate of gastric cancer from 2003 to 2007 and 2008 to 2012 increased with age, and reached the peak at the age of 80-84. Compared with that in 2003-2007, the proportion of cases with gastric cancer at stage , definite clinical stage, detailed pathological type, and the highest basis for pathological diagnosis were significantly increased in 2008-2012 (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Compared with 2003-2007, the incidence of gastric cancer in Shanghai was decreased from 2008 to 2012. The incidence of gastric cancer in Shanghai is still high, its age-standardized rate is lower than the average level in China and higher than that in the world.

Traditional and Genetic Risk Score and Stroke Risk Prediction in Korea

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Whether using both traditional risk factors and genetic variants for stroke as opposed to using either of the 2 alone improves the prediction of stroke risk remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictability of stroke risk between models using traditional risk score (TRS) and genetic risk score (GRS). METHODS: We used a case-cohort study from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) Biobank (n=156,701). We genotyped 72 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genome-wide association study (GWAS) on the KCPS-II sub-cohort members and stroke cases. We calculated GRS by summing the number of risk alleles. Prediction models with or without GRS were evaluated in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS: Sixteen out of 72 SNPs identified in GWAS showed significant associations with stroke, with an odds ratio greater than 2.0. For participants aged < 40 years, AUROCs for incident stroke were 0.58, 0.65, and 0.67 in models using modifiable TRS only, GRS only, and TRS plus GRS, respectively, showing that GRS only model had better prediction than TRS only. For participants aged ≥40 years, however, TRS only model had better prediction than GRS only model. Favorable levels of traditional risk were associated with significantly lower stroke risks within each genetic risk category. CONCLUSIONS: TRS and GRS were both independently associated with stroke risk. Using genetic variants in addition to traditional risk factors may be the most accurate way of predicting stroke risk, particularly in relatively younger individuals.

Ensayos clínicos por conglomerados (clusters) / Clinical trials by conglomerates (clusters)

Un ensayo clínico aleatorizado por conglomerados se da cuando se aleatorizan grupos (clusters) de individuos a las distintas ramas. Puede ser la única o mejor opción de diseño ante determinadas circunstancias: si hay un claro agrupamiento (biológico o funcional) en donde algunos individuos de análisis son más parecidos entre sí que otros; si las intervenciones a evaluar se realizan a nivel del conglomerado; cuando hay riesgo de contaminación; o por practicidad, costos o conveniencia. Entre los problemas más importantes que conllevan se encuentran posibles sesgos (especialmente cuando el reclutamiento de los individuos se realiza luego de la aleatorización, o no existe ceguera), así como mayor complejidad en el diseño y análisis. Asimismo, si no se tienen en cuenta la agrupación de individuos por conglomerados para el cálculo del tamaño muestral o del análisis de los datos, se podrían obtener resultados incorrectos. Estos estudios deben explicitar, además de lo habitualmente reportado: por qué se decidió realizar un diseño por conglomerados; si los objetivos, intervenciones y puntos finales a evaluar apuntan a nivel del conglomerado, individual, o ambos; describir los criterios de inclusión a nivel del conglomerado e individual; mostrar cómo se hicieron el cálculo del tamaño muestral y los análisis considerando los conglomerados; aclarar si los pacientes, profesionales actuantes e investigadores estaban ciegos a las ramas de investigación; y discutir la generalizabilidad de los resultados, entre otros. Si bien tienen mayor complejidad, estos estudios son cada vez más frecuentes. Es un diseño muy útil si está bien desarrollado y es importante conocer sus particularidades. (AU)

We perform a cluster randomized controlled trial when we randomize groups (or clusters) of individuals (whether humans, cells, or clinics) to different study arms, and not simply individuals. It can be the only or best study design option in certain circum-stances: if there is a clear grouping, when some subjects of analysis are more similar among them than the rest; if interventions to be evaluated are made at cluster level; when there is risk of "contamination" or cross-over; or because of practicality, costs or convenience according to researchers judgment. Cluster trials are associated with important issues: risk of bias (especially when individuals recruitment is made after randomization, or if there was no blinding); and the need of more complex design and analysis. If we do not take clusters into account in the sample size estimation and data analysis, we could get misleading results.When reporting these studies, researchers should make explicit (in addition to standard reporting requirements): the rationale for a cluster design; if the objectives, interventions and endpoints are for clusters, individuals or both; the inclusion criteria for clusters and individuals; how they did sample size estimations and data analysis considering cluster design; if patients, health care profes-sionals and researchers were blind; and if results can be generalized. Even though cluster randomized controlled trials are more complex, these studies are increasingly common. It is a very useful design, if correctly done. And it is important to understand its main characteristics. (AU)

The impacts of case definition of influenza-like illness on influenza surveillance / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To compare the detection situation of influenza-like illnesses with different symptoms and analyze the impact on the influenza surveillance by adopting different case definitions of influenza-like illness.Methods Data was collected from 2 national influenza surveillance sentinel hospitals in Shanghai,2015.We compared the positive rate of influenza virus among patients with different symptoms (with cough and sore throat,with cough only and with sore throat only),and utilized Logistic regression model to analyze the influencing factors of the detection rate of influenza virus.Results Among 2 010 influenza-like illnesses,1 105 patients were with cough and sore throat,270 patients were with cough,635 patients were with sore throat,and the positive rate of influenza was 36.2％,39.3％ and 15.9％ respectively.The patients with cough and sore throat or with cough only had a higher positive rate of influenza than patients with sore throat (all P ＜ 0.05).For patients with specimens collected within 3 days,patients with cough and sore throat,or with cough only had a higher positive rate than patients with sore throat only (all P ＜ 0.05).Logistic regression results showed that fever (body temperature≥39 ℃) (OR =1.719,95％ CI:1.389-2.127) and cough (OR =3.046,95％ CI:2.377-3.905) were associated with the detection of influenza virus.Conclusions We suggested that we can adopt the case definition of influenza-like illness'fever (body temperature ≥38 C) and cough'in the influenza surveillance system.